Comparing Eastern and Western Management Styles

analyze eastwardern and western well-nighern Management StylesNowadays, ecesiss exist in the competitive billet environment where theres rapid development which excrete to superior failure wander and exhausting to stand up among the strong competitive environment. Turbulent cable environment caused lots of organic laws to face bankruptcy however, there atomic number 18 quieten mevery successful fundamental laws which deal grand success through and through their stern work. For those successful governing bodys, the main objectives atomic number 18 to maximum their competitive advantage and attach their market sh ars in the market place. However, such aim cannot be progress to with protrude the combination of submissive and conceptual friendship in their negociatement coifs. In fact, all(prenominal) successful organization needs competent concourse who founder the all- around knowledge of attracters.Every business has a person to reach the organization to achieve success. The ability of this person to lead is essential to fuck off the executing and growth of any businesses. Such person is more or lesstimes tickn as a magnetised drawing card, or regular a competent charabanc can help to growth a business by manage the employees and operation impressively. In fact, the person who was seen as a draw of the organization is approximatelyly the chief operating officer of that organization, the decision and every single action that the chief executive officer take result get see massive impact on every single employee within the organization. The ability of a chief executive officer to take a attractor is essential in today competitive environment since CEO which has the ability to lead and create prolonger can create a vision for the organization and every people in that organization go out be unite to achieve that vision. Mullins (2005) and Huczynski Buchanan (2007) alike pointed out the of import of leadinghi p existing in the organizations. Hence, this essay will focus on the instrumental and conceptual knowledge of leading by comparing two leading from varied gardening and lieu.1.0 Introduction to leadLeaders are compreh suppress as the heart of a business which inspire the whole organization and create vision for that particular business. Leadership is no longer a new word in the organization, precisely it is still a disputed word that many another(prenominal) scholars concern with, because of the map we assume it plays in the organization is crucial. And there is always lack of the competent lead in the society. In that case, lots of authors and scholars define the term of lead through their understanding. In 1950, through long times study, Stogdill defined the term of loss drawing cardship as the do by of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts towards design- setting and goal achievement (cited in Huczynski Buchanan, 2007 p. 716). According to Robbins Decenzo (2005 p. 240), attraction may be defined as persons with theater directorial and personal forcefulness who can order others to perform actions beyond those that could be dictated by those persons formal (position) pronouncement al iodin.Moreover, as leader in the recent year, their responsibility is coordinating the others and followers at to a giganticer extent or less of the time. From goal focus to human behaviour focus, or from tyrannic leaders to pop leaders, they all demonstrated that leadership is more(prenominal) and more main(prenominal) for any organizations.Leaders versus ManagersHowever, there are distinguishing between leaders and buss which we should realize sooner analysing the leadership within the organization. Some argue that four-in-hand is not a leader, but the roles of a manager require them to become a leader (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007). As Robbins Decenzo (2005 p. 244) suggest not all leaders are managers, nor are all manage rs leaders. There are differences between a manager and a leader, manager manage but a leader lead. Robbins Decenzo (2005 p. 239) defined manager as persons whose influence on others is limited to the appointed managerial authority of their positions to reward and punish. Manager manage the rules, follow the procedures and manage everything according to the clay and structure establish by the political party, they manage the people by the power and authority they harbour, people are managed not because of the manager, it is because the authority and power that the manager d experience. However, some argue that leader can create follower and run people to opine without any power or authority, people are willing to follow the leader on their have behalf and will (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007).Thus, there are no clear line that separate a manager and a leader, a CEO can have the characteristic of both(prenominal) which make them more competences to manage and lead the company to a spectacularer success. It is undeniable that in today competitive environment, both leading and managing role are critical success factor for a CEO to have in order to achieve greater achievement (Kyle, 2004 Kotter, 2001). As De identity card Meyer (2004 p. 497) argue, Every leader must perform some managerial functions, until now though every manager cannot take a leadership role. joke Meyer (2010) argues thatthe leader controls the allocation of the attention focus of the participants in the organization in any organization where managers dominate, structured rules tend to influence the allocation of attention, but the leader will try to capture the attention focus of the participants so that their attention is allocated to the areas that the leader considers important.Leaders to Discuss and CompareThis paper will discover two successful leaders Jeff Bezos from the west and Akio Toyoda from the east by comparing their leadership style and other aspects related to leadersh ip in order to discover the differences of leadership in different culture and backdrop.Jeff Bezos from the WestJeff Bezos is the founder, chairman, chief executive officer and chairman of the board of virago.com (New York Daily News, 2008). He founded Amazon.com in 1994, and launched in 1995. As a founder and CEO of Amazon.com, Jeff Bezos is a pioneer in e-commerce (Spiro, 2009). As shown in Fair (2002)At the end of 1999, Amazon had raked in over a billion dollars in gross revenue in 2001, Amazon reported a fiscal loss of $1.4 billion, and had situated off over 200 workers in the last year sort of of giving up, Bezos had an idea recruit other companies to sell their products online through Amazon as well. The idea worked. Companies such as Target, Toys R Us, Old Navy, and many others have agreed to sell their items through Amazon. Although Amazon is not straightway responsible for inventory through these companies, they do get part of the sales, creating a profit for all inv olved. Since the inception of the idea, Amazon is now back on its feet and remains one of the some popular online vendors in the world today.Akio Toyoda from the EastAccording to Los Angeles Times, 2009Toyota tapped Akio Toyoda, grandson of the japanese automakers founder, as president of Toyota The U.S.-educated Toyoda, 52, is the first founding family section to take the helm at Japans No. 1 automaker in 14 years. He promised a reaffirmation of the companys core principles, such as valuing ideas from the ranks a management approach called kaizen, also known as Toyota Production organization that has make Toyotas product methods famous in industry circles around the world.2.0 Comparison of Leadership Style and Culture2.1 Participative Leadership Style and Charismatic hypothesisJeff Bezos is more like a magnetized leader that in effect(p) participative leadership style. Although he faced some obstacle in the early years, he managed to vote down the entire problem and bring Amazon to become one of the most innovative companies in the e-commerce industry. He launched Amazon.com and being persistent in persuading his aspiration, one of the characteristic of leader as describe by Mullins (2005). Jeff Bezos has the criteria as a charismatic leader as he has the ability to create a vision for the future and make everyone within Amazon believe in his visions that make him a charismatic leader. A vision should create enthusiasm, delivery energy and commitment to the organization (Robbins Decenzo, 2005 p. 246), while Ingbretsen (n. d.) argues that a charismatic leader has the ability to articulate a vision that touches an emotional chord with an audience. Jeff Bezos manages to lead people by making them believe that his innovative idea of online bookstore will be a success. He had prove his vision are achievable and people believe in him since he lead everyone in the company to work hard and achieve the goal and objective to become the innovative player wit hin the e-commerce industry, and people believe in him since he managed to turn the situation of Amazon around. As Robbins Decenzo (2005 p. 247) suggest, Charisma leadership appears to be most steal when the followers task has an ideological component or when the environment involves a postgraduate degree of stress and uncertainty.However, ground on the other perspective that goes against charismatic theory, Raelin (2003) suggest that follower will follow the charismatic leader is just because the furtherance make the leader escort so powerful and great. The fancy packaging with the help from media had made the charismatic leader touch like a legend, a myth that everyone believe is uncoiled. Levesque McNeil (2003, p. 215) strongly argue that as followers interact, they begin to define a social reality of leadership representing special mythical qualities endowed besides by very special people. Raelin believes that followers are predisposed to look for a cause and a leader for whom they can become true believers (2003, p. 66).The critics for charismatic leader are that without massive publicity, there will be no charismatic leader people will not fleck that leader at all. If Jeff Bezos is not good at making himself high profile by attending conferences, posting his own comment or opinions on the web, attending public events, exact a lot of interrogate and so on which make him highly expose to the media and make publicity for himself and the company as well, there will be no quoted as a charismatic leader for him. He was being quoted as a charismatic leader as people know what he do through the media and all the fancy publicity which make him look as great as a hero. There are many leaders around the world, even if we do not know their names or what great things that they have done, it didnt make them less an effective or great leader. Charismatic is not the only recognition for a great leader, people recognize the leader that they respect within t heir heart, even without the media spreading that leader legend, people will still respect that leader, even he or she is not a charismatic leader. Indeed, some of the most profound CEO in the history of the visionary companies did not have the personality traits of the prototypical high-profile, charismatic leader (Forster, 2005, p. 30).2.2 Autocratic and collaborative Leadership StyleOn the other hand, Akio Toyoda practiced the autocratic leadership style and until now, the belief of autocratic leadership style still remain within the organization and most managerial level personnel practiced the analogous autocratic leadership style to manage their people. The main reason autocratic is effective at Toyota mostly based on the power-ethnical that Japan always have. Akio Toyoda as president of Toyota is reaffirming its commitment to collaborative culture and methods (Rosen, 2009). Although being autocratic, Akio Toyoda practiced Genchi genbutsu or see it for yourself fits squarel y into collaborative culture and methods of Toyota (Liker, 2004).As leaders, Akio Toyoda suggests that manager needed to get to themselves accountable for all their decisions, which they required their people to execute very quickly. Collaborative leadership and autocratic style of Akio Toyoda doesnt make him stay away from their extraordinary kaizen production method, but to collaborate more with the fulfilation of lean production plant which was known as the Toyota Production System (Liker, 2004). Toyota Production System distinguished from its competitors and hard to duplicate since it is underpinned by just-in-time delivery (JIT) product shade employee flexibility and the elimination of waste. This unique lean production system was braced by principle such as teamwork, continuous improvement, quality circles and employee development.2.3 Traits TheoryAlthough both leaders practiced different leadership style, they have their own personality traits that made them a great leade r. First of all, based on the instrumental knowledge, the traits theory also call traits- spotting is argued even in recent years, for the reason of that leader is nature born or make. Although, there are thousands of successful leaders existing in the world, all of them have their own traits which can be summarize as six leadership traits including ambition and energy, desire to lead, honesty and integrity, self- confidence, intelligence and job- relevant knowledge. Hence, instrumental knowledge indicated that the traits are the distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader through six leadership traits (Robbins Decenzo, 2005 p. 256). However, not every leader has all of the personal traits instead of maybe some of them. And lots of examples tell us that leader with different traits also can obtain successful in every area. For instance, Jeff Bezos and Akio Toyoda have agree different characteristics and personal traits, but both of them acquired big successful in the busi ness world.However, in contrast with the instrumental knowledge, the conceptual knowledge holds that it is difficult to identify whether any people is naturally born with trait, or they office just gain those ability through their life experience and regulate from it. Besides, different countries which have different culture will need leader with different characteristic. Thus, every leader which is required in different unpolished will need to have different trait. For example, people from the occidental countries and people from the Eastern country will have different culture or ways of doing things (Hofstede, n. d.). Thus, different leadership style need to be implement in different countries, if that particular countries are afraid of uncertainty and have a high level of avoidance for confusion, such as China, Japan and others, the Autocratic style might be more appropriate. Therefore, there is no one normally accepted set of traits for all leaders. Every single individual are different, their ability and skills, knowledge and experience will be different as well and they will be accepted in the mind of different people which appreciate their traits.2.4 Behavioural TheoryThe most popular behavior style theory should be Blake and Moutons Grid which is based on the idea that different in leadership approach are a function of concern for people and concern for production emerged during the sixties (Doyle Smith, 2001). According to behavioral theory, it is easy to find out which style the leaders are belonging to by identifying the behavior. For example, leadership styles are another important aspect from the management process where different country will have different management style. Huczynski Buchanan (2007) suggest that leader cannot use the same leadership style in their various locations around the world due to the cultural and behavior differences. Japanese leadership style differs from those in the U.S and the most jet is that Japanese (Aki o Toyoda) and U.S (Jeff Bezos) leader have a basically different doctrine of managing people. For example, Jeff Bezos is heavily individual-orientated and will praised individual with great performance in bowel movement of everyone. However, a Japanese saying is, the nail that sticks out gets hammered down which mean that no individual should stand out from the group. Giving out individual reward system in Japan could embarrass a Japanese worker and is not accepted at Japan. Western need models are culturally individualistic, applying them to a collectivistic culture is probably inappropriate. As Fujisawa, co-founder of Honda Motor Company stated, Japanese and American management is 95% the same and differs in all important aspects (Keeley, 2001, p. 18 Erez Gati, 2004).U.S leadership style is not appropriate at Japan where the Japanese employees are unable to accept or tolerate participative and individual orientated leadership style. Mintzberg Westly (2001) suggest that Japanes e worker dislike emphasize on individual performance and more toward group-orientation, and will felt appreciate if their leader can pay some attention to them at work and also concern a petty(a) bit about their personal life, like what Akio Toyoda did as a leader at Toyota. Akio Toyoda was more willing to allow poor performance to confront for a time so that those who were involved would learn from their mistake and to yield loyalty among employees.The example above clearly showed that there are clearly different ways to work in different culture and it is important for leader to understand such differences and manage the employees based on their own culture. Huczynski Buchanan (2007) argues that leadership styles vary from company to company. There are many different styles of leadership that can bring success to an organization but organization has to make sure that their leadership style is right for the business. Which leadership styles to practice depend on many factors, but the most determine factors that has the biggest influence on management style will definitely be culture and behavior.2.5 Contingency Theory and Hofstedes Five Cultural DimensionsFiedler and his associates bring out the possibility theory which combines leadership style and situation during 1960s. In Fielders model, the good performance of the group depends on the interaction of the leadership style and the favorable situation, and a good leadership must be flexible and adaptable in order to appropriate different situation within the organization no matter how hard or soft situation (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007). Thus, there is no single style of leadership which can match to all situations even the most effective leadership behavior should depend on the situational factors.Hofstede (n. d.) commented thatWestern countries have characteristics of high individualism, speciality uncertainty avoidance, high masculinity, low to medium power distance, and low long-term orientation. Th us, based on the situation, it is best for Jeff Bezos to practiced participative leadership style in the States. On the other hand, eastern countries such as Japan was found to have characteristics of low individualism, high uncertainty avoidance, high masculinity, high power distance, and high long-term orientationHence, it is more appropriate for Akio Toyoda to practiced autocratic leadership style to suit the cultural and situation at Japan. In order to compare the different culture of USA and Japan, Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions of USA and Japan will be as the pursuit (Hofstede, n. d.)Source Geert Hofstede, Cultural Dimensions, www.geert-hofstede.com3.0 ConclusionIn conclusion, it is undeniable that Jeff Bezos is a great CEO which made Amazon a famous and innovative online company globally. However, it is too narrow to believe that charismatic leader is everything since Akio Toyoda is still a great leader without being a charismatic leader. Jeff Bezos is a charismatic leader, i t might be his style to be one, but charismatic leader style is not suitable for everyone or in different culture, background and country, it might not be essential. Therefore, there is no one universal accepted leadership style that is the most effective one. Great leader are not only charismatic leader, anyone who was seen as a great leader, no matter what his leadership style was, is nothing less an effective leader if they were not quoted as one.Thus, culture differences play a significant role whereby leaders must consistently aware of the cultural smorgasbord and react to the situation in order to lead their staff with the most appropriate type of leadership. Without acknowledging to the aforesaid, one will never be a good leader.